Texts
- The Problem of Learning
- Problemistics Courseware
- Corso su Problemistica
- Resources Management
- Manuale/Intellettuale
- Campagna/CittÃ
Problemistics - Problémistique - Problemistica
The Art & Craft of Problem Dealing
Algorithmics - Heuristics
Difference Algorithmics - Heuristics (Stafford Beer)
Difference Algorithmics - Heuristics (F. E. Kast and J. E. Rosenzweig)
Difference Algorithmics - Heuristics (Jean-Michel Hoc)
[1972] Stafford Beer, Brain of the Firm, Allen Lane The Penguin Press, London
"An Algorithm is a technique, or a mechanism, which prescribes how to reach a fully specified goal."
"Heuristics prescribe general rules for reaching general goals ... and do not typically prescribe an exact route to a located goal as does an algorithm." (Chapter 4, pp. 68- 69)
[1979, Third Edition] Fremont E. Kast & James E. Rosenzweig, Organization and Management, McGraw-Hill
“Algorithmic techniques are step-by-step procedures that lead to a solution in a well-defined, closed system.” “Algorithms set forth a definite procedure that will lead to a solution.”
“Heuristic approaches, on the other hand, involve sophisticated trial-and-error and do not lead invariably to the same results. Heuristic problem-solving techniques rely on relatively more human judgment at various junctures in the decision-making process and hence are useful in relatively open systems.”
(Chapter 15, p. 377)
[1988] Jean-Michel Hoc, Cognitive Psychology of Planning, Academic Press, London
“Algorithms are highly analytical procedures which incorporate identifications of all the crucial states for the selection of operations, in order to cover all the possible initial classes of states. Heuristics are less exhaustive but can orient the execution of a procedure in the most promising direction.” (Chapter 2, pp. 58-59)