Texts
- The Problem of Learning
- Problemistics Courseware
- Corso su Problemistica
- Resources Management
- Manuale/Intellettuale
- Campagna/Città
Problemistics - Problémistique - Problemistica
The Art & Craft of Problem Dealing
Standard
Definition (Walter Gropius)
Function (Le Corbusier)
Function (Walter Gropius)
Function (C. West Churchman)
Features (Richard Neutra)
Features (James G. March & Herbert A. Simon)
Related concept: Needs and functions(Le Corbusier)
Related concept: Planning (Preston P. Le Breton & Dale A. Henning)
Related concept: Standardization (Walter Gropius)
Related concept: Standardization (Richard Neutra)
Related concept: Standardization (James G. March & Herbert A. Simon)
Related concept: Standardization (Union of International Associations)
[1936] Walter Gropius, The New Architecture and the Bauhaus, Faber and Faber, London
“A standard may be defined as that simple practical exemplar of anything in general use which embodies a fusion of the best of its anterior forms - a fusion preceded by the elimination of the personal content of their designers and all otherwise ungeneric or non-essential features. Such an impersonal standard is called a ‘norm’, a word derived from a carpenter’s square.” (p. 26)
[1924] Le Corbusier, Vers une architecture, Les Editions G. Crès, Paris
"Le standart est une nécessité d'ordre apporté dans le travail humain.
Le standart s'établit sur des bases certaines, non pas arbitrairement, mais avec la sécurité des choses motivées et d'une logique contrôlée par l'analyse et l'expérimentation." (pp. 107-108)
"Établir un standart, c'est épuiser toutes les possibilités pratiques et raisonnables, déduire un type reconnu conforme aux fonctions, à rendement maximum, à emploi minimum de moyens, main d'œuvre et matière, mots, formes, couleurs, sons." (p. 108)
[1956] Walter Gropius, Scope of Total Architecture, George Allen & Unwin, London
"The creation of standard types for everyday goods is a social necessity. The standard product is by no means an invention of our own era. It is only the methods of producing it which have changed. It still implies the highest level of civilisation, the seeking out of the best, the separation of the essential and super-personal from the personal and accidental." (pp. 30-31)
[1968, Second Edition 1979] C. West Churchman, The Systems Approach, Dell Publishing, New York
“We need to create guidelines that will enable them [the performers] to do their job well. In other words, for each subsystem we are going to need a measure of the performance of the subsystem and a desired level of performance which we can call a ‘standard’ for the subsystem.” (p. 7)
[1978, First published 1954] Richard Neutra, Survival through Design, Oxford University Press, New York
“Today, standards must be sensitively tuned to the times, by never-tiring, systematic awareness of requirement.” (p. 63)
[1966, First published 1958] James G. March & Herbert A. Simon, Organizations, Wiley & Sons, New York
“In making choices that meet satisfactory standards, the standards themselves are part of the definition of the situation.” (p. 141)
“The standard-setting process may itself meet standards of rationality: for example, an ‘optimizing’ rule would be to set the standard at the level where the marginal improvement in alternatives obtainable by raising it would be just balance by the marginal cost of searching for alternatives meeting the higher standard.” (p. 141)
[1924] Le Corbusier, Vers une architecture, Les Editions G. Crès, Paris
“Tous les hommes ont même organisme, même fonctions. Tous les hommes ont même besoins. Le contrat social qui évolue à travers les âges détermine des classes, des fonctions, des besoins standarts donnant des produits d’usage standart." (p. 108)
[1961] Preston P. Le Breton & Dale A. Henning, Planning Theory, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.
“Standards are the criteria one uses to determine whether or not the plans are being carried out as expected. That is, performance and results in the implementation of a plan are compared with what was expected to happen under the plan when it was designed. Standards are the means of comparing the performance with the expectations.” (p. 8)
[1936] Walter Gropius, The New Architecture and the Bauhaus, Faber and Faber, London
"Standardization is not an impediment to the development of civilization, but, on the contrary, one of its immediate prerequisites." (p. 26)
"The fear that individuality will be crushed out by the growing 'tyranny' of standardization is the sort of myth which cannot sustain the briefest examination. In all great epochs of history the existence of standards - that is the conscious adoption of type-forms - has been the criterion of a polite and well-ordered society; for it is a commonplace that repetition of the same things for the same purposes exercises a settling and civilizing influence on men's minds." (p. 27)
[1978, First published 1954] Richard Neutra, Survival through Design, Oxford University Press, New York
“But standardization must not be lamented as vulgarization. Mass distribution is simply the essential prerequisite of continuous improvement toward a machine-made perfection.” (p. 54)
[1966, First published 1958] James G. March & Herbert A. Simon, Organizations, Wiley & Sons, New York
“An important objective of standardization is to widen as far as possible the range of situations that can be handled by combination and recombination of a relatively small number of elementary programs.” (p. 150)
[1986, Second Edition] Union of International Associations eds., Encyclopaedia of World Problems and Human Potential, K. G. Saur, München
Standardization. "A process of establishing uniform standard measurement, methods, levels or quality, or levels of content to ensure interchangeability of elements from different sources and replaceability of elements in discontinued products, with a view to facilitating the exchange of goods and services." (KC0223)